Matters Arising Published: 29 April 2026 Nature volume  652 ,  pages E14–E15 ( 2026 ) Cite this article Subjects replying to : D. A. Martin et al. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10370-5 (2026). In the accompanying Comment, Martin et al. 1 raise concerns that the published source that we used to map the spatial footprint of consumption-driven deforestation 2 includes areas of shifting cultivation for crops that are destined for local consumption, potentially inflating estimates of the biodiversity impacts of export agriculture. They draw on the example of vanilla cultivation in Madagascar to illustrate their concern. Although global analyses such as ours inevitably involve trade-offs, the methods that we applied do not substantially overattribute shifting cultivation to export agriculture, for reasons described in the published data source 2 and in our Article 3 , and as we explain in additional detail below. Several of the concerns raised by Martin et al.…