How the Live effect run-time is implemented In this post I describe how the Live run-time internals are implemented, which drive Use.GPU. Some pre-existing React and FP effect knowledge is useful. I have written about Live before, but in general terms. You may therefor have a wrong impression of this endeavor. When a junior engineer sees an application doing complex things, they're often intimidated by the prospect of working on it. They assume that complex functionality must be the result of complexity in code. The fancier the app, the less understandable it must be. This is what their experience has been so far: seniority correlates to more and hairier lines of code. After 30 years of coding though, I know it's actually the inverse. You cannot get complex functionality working if you've wasted all your complexity points on the code itself. This is the main thing I want to show here, because this post mainly describes 1 data structure and a handful of methods. Live has a real-time inspector, so a lot of this can be demonstrated live. Reading this on a phone is not recommended, the inspector is made for grown-ups. The story so far: The main mechanism of Live is to allow a tree to expand recursively like in React, doing breadth-first expansion. This happens incrementally, and in a reactive, rewindable way. You use this to let interactive programs knit themselves together at run-time, based on the input data. Like a simple CLI program with a main() function, the code runs top to bottom, and then stops. It produces a finite execution trace that you can inspect. To become interactive and to animate, the run-time will selectively rewind, and re-run only parts, in response to external events. It's a fusion of immediate and retained mode UI, offering the benefits of both and the downsides of neither, not limited to UI. This relies heavily on FP principles such as pure functions, immutable data structures and so on. But the run-time itself is very mutable: the whole idea is to centralize all the difficult parts of tracking changes in one place, and then forget about them. Live has no dependencies other than a JavaScript engine and these days consists of ~3600 lines. If you're still not quite sure what the Live component tree actually is, it's 3 things at once: a data dependency graph an execution trace a tree-shaped cache The properties of the software emerge because these aspects are fully aligned inside a LiveComponent. Functionally Mayonnaise You can approach this from two sides, either from the UI side, or from the side of functional Effects. Live Components A LiveComponent (LC) is a React UI function component (FC) with 1 letter changed, at first: const MyComponent: LC = (props: MyProps) => { const {wat} = props; // A memo hook // Takes dependencies as array const slow = useMemo(() => expensiveComputation(wat), [wat]); // Some local state const [state, setState] = useState(1); // JSX expressions with props and children // These are all names of LC functions to call + their props/arguments return ( ); }; The data is immutable, and the rendering appears stateless: it returns a pure data structure for given input props and current state. The component uses hooks to access and manipulate its own state. The run-time will unwrap the outer layer of the onion, mount and reconcile it, and then recurse. let _ = await ( ); return null; The code is actually misleading though. Both in Live and React, the return keyword here is technically wrong. Return implies passing a value back to a parent, but this is not happening at all. A parent component decided to render , yes. But the function itself is being called by Live/React. it's yielding JSX to the Live/React run-time to make a call to OtherComponent(...). There is no actual return value. Because a can't return a value to its parent, the received _ will always be null too. The data flow is one-way, from parent to child. Effects An Effect is basically just a Promise/Future as a pure value. To first approximation, it's a () => Promise: a promise that doesn't actually start unless you call it a second time. Just like a JSX tag is like a React/Live component waiting to be called. An Effect resolves asynchronously to a new Effect, just like will render more . Unlike a Promise, an Effect is re-usable: you can fire it as many times as you like. Just like you can keep rendering the same . let value = yield ( OtherEffect([ Foo(foo), Bar(), ]) ); // ... return value; So React is like an incomplete functional Effect system. Just replace the word Component with Effect. OtherEffect is then some kind of decorator which describes a parallel dispatch to Effects Foo and Bar. A real Effect system will fork, but then join back, gathering the returned values, like a real return statement. Unlike React components, Effects are ephemeral: no state is retained after they finish. The purity is actually what makes them appealing in production, to manage complex async flows. They're also not incremental/rewindable: they always run from start to finish. Pure Returns State Incremental React ✅ ❌ ✅ ✅ Effects ✅ ✅ ❌ ❌ You either take an effect system and make it incremental and stateful, or you take React and add the missing return data path I chose the latter option. First, because hooks are an excellent emulsifier. Second, because the big lesson from React is that plain, old, indexed arrays are kryptonite for incremental code. Unless you've deliberately learned how to avoid them, you won't get far, so it's better to start from that side. This breakdown is divided into three main parts: the rendering of 1 component the environment around a component the overall tree update loop Components The component model revolves around a few core concepts: Fibers Hooks and State Mounts Memoization Inlining Components form the "user land" of Live. You can do everything you need there without ever calling directly into the run-time's "kernel". Live however does not shield its internals. This is fine, because I don't employ hundreds of junior engineers who would gleefully turn that privilege into a cluster bomb of spaghetti. The run-time is not extensible anyhow: what you see is what you get. The escape hatch is there to support testing and debugging. Shielding this would be a game of hide-the-reference, creating a shadow-API for privileged friend packages, and so on. Ain't nobody got time for that. React has an export called DONT_USE_THIS_OR_YOU_WILL_BE_FIRED, Live has THIS_WAY___IF_YOU_DARE and it's called useFiber. Fibers Borrowing React terminology, a mounted Component function is called a fiber, despite this being single threaded. Each persists for the component lifetime. To start, you call render(). This creates and renders the first fiber. type LiveFiber = { // Fiber ID id: number, // Component function f: Function, // Arguments (props, etc.) args: any[], // ... } Fibers are numbered with increasing IDs. In JS this means you can create 253 fibers before it crashes, which ought to be enough for anybody. It holds the component function f and its latest arguments args. Unlike React, Live functions aren't limited to only a single props argument. Each fiber is rendered from a tag, which is a plain data structure. The Live version is very simple. type Key = number | string; type JSX.Element = { // Same as fiber f: Function, args: any[], // Element key={...} key?: string | number, // Rendered by fiber ID by: number, } Another name for this type is a DeferredCall. This is much leaner than React's JSX type, although Live will gracefully accept either. In Live, JSX syntax is also optional, as you can write use(Component, …) instead of . Calls and fibers track the ID by of the fiber that rendered them. This is always an ancestor, but not necessarily the direct parent. fiber.bound = () => { enterFiber(fiber); const {f, args} = fiber; const jsx = f(...args); exitFiber(fiber); return jsx; }; The fiber holds a function bound. This binds f to the fiber itself, always using the current fiber.args as arguments. It wraps the call in an enter and exit function for state housekeeping. This can then be called via renderFiber(fiber) to get jsx. This is only done during an ongoing render cycle. { // ... state: any[], pointer: number, } Hooks and State Each fiber holds a local state array and a temporary pointer: Calling a hook like useState taps into this state without an explicit reference to it. In Live, this is implemented as a global currentFiber variable, combined with a local fiber.pointer starting at 0. Both are initialized by enterFiber(fiber). The state array holds flattened triplets, one per hook. They're arranged as [hookType, A, B]. Values A and B are hook-specific, but usually hold a value and a dependencies array. In the case useState, it's just the [value, setValue] pair. The fiber.pointer advances by 3 slots every time a hook is called. Tracking the hookType allows the run-time to warn you if you call hooks in a different order than before. The basic React hooks don't need any more state than this and can be implemented in ~20 lines of code each. This is useMemo: export const useMemo = ( callback: () => T, dependencies: any[] = NO_DEPS, ): T => { const fiber = useFiber(); const i = pushState(fiber, Hook.MEMO); let {state} = fiber; let value = state![i]; const deps = state![i + 1]; if (!isSameDependencies(deps, dependencies)) { value = callback(); state![i] = value; state![i + 1] = dependencies; } return value as unknown as T; } useFiber just returns currentFiber and doesn't count as a real hook (it has no state). It only ensures you cannot call a hook outside of a component render. export const useNoHook = (hookType: Hook) => () => { const fiber = useFiber(); const i = pushState(fiber, hookType); const {state} = fiber; state![i] = undefined; state![i + 1] = undefined; }; No-hooks like useNoMemo are also implemented, which allow for conditional hooks: write a matching else branch for any if. To ensure consistent rendering, a useNoHook will dispose of any state the useHook had, rather than just being a no-op. The above is just the basic version for simple hooks without cleanup. This also lets the run-time support early return cleanly in Components: when exitFiber(fiber) is called, all remaining unconsumed state is disposed of with the right no-hook. If someone calls a setState, this is added to a dispatch queue, so changes can be batched together. If f calls setState during its own render, this is caught and resolved within the same render cycle, by calling f again. A setState which is a no-op is dropped (pointer equality). You can see however that Live hooks are not pure: when a useMemo is tripped, it will immediately overwrite the previous state during the render, not after. This means renders in Live are not stateless, only idempotent. This is very deliberate. Live doesn't have a useEffect hook, it has a useResource hook that is like a useMemo with a useEffect-like disposal callback. While it seems to throw React's orchestration properties out the window, this is not actually so. What you get in return is an enormous increase in developer ergonomics, offering features React users are still dreaming of, running off 1 state array and 1 pointer. Live is React with the training wheels off, not with holodeck security protocols disabled, but this takes a while to grok. Mounts After rendering, the returned/yielded value is reconciled with the previous rendered result. This is done by updateFiber(fiber, value). New children are mounted, while old children are unmounted or have their args replaced. Only children with the same f as before can be updated in place. { // ... // Static mount mount?: LiveFiber, // Dynamic mounts mounts?: Map, lookup?: Map, order?: Key[], // Continuation next?: LiveFiber, // Fiber type type?: LiveComponent, // ... } Mounts are tracked inside the fiber, either as a single mount, or a map mounts, pointing to other fiber objects. The key for mounts is either an array index 0..N or a user-defined key. Keys must be unique. The order of the keys is kept in a list. A reverse lookup map is created if they're not anonymous indices. The mount is only used when a component renders 1 other statically. This excludes arrays of length 1. If a component switches between mount and mounts, all existing mounts are discarded. Continuations are implemented as a special next mount. This is mounted by one of the built-in fenced operators such as or . In the code, mounting is done via: mountFiberCall(fiber, call) (static) reconcileFiberCalls(fiber, calls) (dynamic) mountFiberContinuation(fiber, call) (next). Each will call updateMount(fiber, mount, jsx, key?, hasKeys?). If an existing mount (with the same key) is compatible it's updated, otherwise a replacement fiber is made with makeSubFiber(…). It doesn't update the parent fiber, rather it just returns the new state of the mount (LiveFiber | null), so it can work for all 3 mounting types. Once a fiber mount has been updated, it's queued to be rendered with flushMount. If updateMount returns false, the update was a no-op because fiber arguments were identical (pointer equality). The update will be skipped and the mount not flushed. This follows the same implicit memoization rule that React has. It tends to trigger when a stateful component re-renders an old props.children. A subtle point here is that fibers have no links/pointers pointing back to their parent. This is part practical, part ideological. It's practical because it cuts down on cyclic references to complicate garbage collection. It's ideological because it helps ensures one-way data flow. There is also no global collection of fibers, except in the inspector. Like in an effect system, the job of determining what happens is entirely the result of an ongoing computation on JSX, i.e. something passed around like pure, immutable data. The tree determines its own shape as it's evaluated. Queue and Path Live needs to process fibers in tree order, i.e. as in a typical tree list view. To do so, fibers are compared as values with compareFibers(a, b). This is based on references that are assigned only at fiber creation. It has a path from the root of the tree to the fiber (at depth depth), containing the indices or keys. { // ... depth: number, path: Key[], keys: ( number | Map )[], } A continuation next is ordered after the mount or mounts. This allows data fences to work naturally: the run-time only ensures all preceding fibers have been run first. For this, I insert an extra index into the path, 0 or 1, to distinguish the two sub-trees. If many fibers have a static mount (i.e. always 1 child), this would create paths with lots of useless zeroes. To avoid this, a single mount has the same path as its parent, only its depth is increased. Paths can still be compared element-wise, with depth as the tie breaker. This easily reduces typical path length by 70%. This is enough for children without keys, which are spawned statically. Their order in the tree never changes after creation, they can only be updated in-place or unmounted. But for children with a key, the expectation is that they persist even if their order changes. Their keys are just unsorted ids, and their order is stored in the fiber.order and fiber.lookup of the parent in question. This is referenced in the fiber.keys array. It's a flattened list of pairs [i, fiber.lookup], meaning the key at index i in the path should be compared using fiber.lookup. To keep these keys references intact, fiber.lookup is mutable and always modified in-place when reconciling. Memoization If a Component function is wrapped in memo(...), it won't be re-rendered if its individual props haven't changed (pointer equality). This goes deeper than the run-time's own oldArgs !== newArgs check. { // ... version?: number, memo?: number, runs?: number, } For this, memoized fibers keep a version around. They also store a memo which holds the last rendered version, and a run count runs for debugging: The version is used as one of the memo dependencies, along with the names and values of the props. Hence a memo(...) cache can be busted just by incrementing fiber.version, even if the props didn't change. Versions roll over at 32-bit. To actually do the memoization, it would be nice if you could just wrap the whole component in useMemo. It doesn't work in the React model because you can't call other hooks inside hooks. So I've brought back the mythical useYolo... An earlier incarnation of this allowed fiber.state scopes to be nested, but lacked a good purpose. The new useYolo is instead a useMemo you can nest. It effectively hot swaps the entire fiber.state array with a new one kept in one of the slots: This is then the first hook inside fiber.state. If the memo succeeds, the yolo'd state is preserved without treating it as an early return. Otherwise the component runs normally. Yolo'ing as the first hook has a dedicated fast path but is otherwise a perfectly normal hook. The purpose of fiber.memo is so the run-time can tell whether it rendered the same thing as before, and stop. It can just compare the two versions, leaving the specifics of memoization entirely up to the fiber component itself. For example, to handle a custom arePropsEqual function in memo(…). I always use version numbers as opposed to isDirty flags, because it leaves a paper trail. This provides the same ergonomics for mutable data as for immutable data: you can store a reference to a previous value, and do an O(1) equality check to know whether it changed since you last accessed it. Whenever you have a handle which you can't look inside, such as a pointer to GPU memory, it's especially useful to keep a version number on it, which you bump every time you write to it. It makes debugging so much easier. Inlining Built-in operators are resolved with a hand-coded routine post-render, rather than being "normal" components. Their component functions are just empty and there is a big dispatch with if statements. Each is tagged with a isLiveBuiltin: true. If a built-in operator is an only child, it's usually resolved inline. No new mount is created, it's immediately applied as part of updating the parent fiber. The glue in between tends to be "kernel land"-style code anyway, it doesn't need a whole new fiber, and it's not implemented in terms of hooks. The only fiber state it has is the type (i.e. function) of the last rendered JSX. There are several cases where it cannot inline, such as rendering one built-in inside another built-in, or rendering a built-in as part of an array. So each built-in can always be mounted independently if needed. From an architectural point of view, inlining is just incidental complexity, but this significantly reduces fiber overhead and keeps the user-facing component tree much tidier. It introduces a few minor problems around cleanup, but those are caught and handled. Live also has a morph operator. This lets you replace a mount with another component, without discarding any matching children or their state. The mount's own state is still discarded, but its f, args, bound and type are modified in-place. A normal render follows, which will reconcile the children. This is implemented in morphFiberCall. It only works for plain vanilla components, not other built-ins. The reason to re-use the fiber rather than transplant the children is so that references in children remain unchanged, without having to rekey them. In Live, I never do a full recursive traversal of any sub-tree, unless that traversal is incremental and memoized. This is a core property of the system. Deep recursion should happen in user-land. Environment Fibers have access to a shared environment, provided by their parent. This is created in user-land through built-in ops and accessed via hooks. Context and captures Gathers and yeets Fences and suspend Quotes and reconcilers Unquote + quote Context and captures Live extends the classic React context: { // ... context: { values: Map>, roots: Map, }, } A LiveContext provides 1 value to N fibers. A LiveCapture collects N values into 1 fiber. Each is just an object created in user-land with makeContext / makeCapture, acting as a unique key. It can also hold a default value for a context. The values map holds the current value of each context/capture. This is boxed inside a Ref as {current: value} so that nested sub-environments share values for inherited contexts. The roots map points to the root fibers providing or capturing. This is used to allow useContext and useCapture to set up the right data dependency just-in-time. For a context, this points upstream in the tree, so to avoid a reverse reference, it's a number. For a capture, this points to a downstream continuation, i.e. the next of an ancestor, and can be a LiveFiber. Normally children just share their parent's context. It's only when you or that Live builds a new, immutable copy of values and roots with a new context/capture added. Each context and capture persists for the lifetime of its sub-tree. Captures build up a map incrementally inside the Ref while children are rendered, keyed by fiber. This is received in tree order after sorting: { ... }} /> You can also just write capture(context, children, then), FYI. This is an await or yield in disguise, where the then closure is spiritually part of the originating component function. Therefor it doesn't need to be memoized. The state of the next fiber is preserved even if you pass a new function instance every time. Unlike React-style render props, then props can use hooks, because they run on an independent next fiber called Resume(…). This fiber will be re-run when values changes, and can do so without re-running Capture itself. A then prop can render new elements, building a chain of next fibers. This acts like a rewindable generator, where each Resume provides a place where the code can be re-entered, without having to explicitly rewind any state. This requires the data passed into each closure to be immutable. The logic for providing or capturing is in provideFiber(fiber, ...) and captureFiber(fiber, ...). Unlike other built-ins, these are always mounted separately and are called at the start of a new fiber, not the end of previous one. Their children are then immediately reconciled by inlineFiberCall(fiber, calls). Gathers and yeets Live offers a true return, in the form of yeet(value) (aka {value}). This passes a value back to a parent. These values are gathered in an incremental map-reduce along the tree, to a root that mounted a gathering operation. It's similar to a Capture, except it visits every parent along the way. It's the complement to tree expansion during rendering. This works for any mapper and reducer function via . There is also an optimized code path for a simple array flatMap , as well as struct-of-arrays flatMap . It works just like a capture: { ... }} /> ) => { ... }} /> Each fiber in a reduction has a fiber.yeeted structure, created at mount time. Like a context, this relation never changes for the lifetime of the component. It acts as a persistent cache for a yeeted value of type A and its map-reduction reduced of type B: { yeeted: { // Same as fiber (for inspecting) id: number, // Reduction cache at this fiber value?: A, reduced?: B, // Parent yeet cache parent?: FiberYeet, // Reduction root root: LiveFiber, // ... }, } The last value yeeted by the fiber is kept so that all yeets are auto-memoized. Each yeeted points to a parent. This is not the parent fiber but its fiber.yeeted. This is the parent reduction, which is downstream in terms of data dependency, not upstream. This forms a mirrored copy of the fiber tree and respects one-way data flow: Again the linked root fiber (sink) is not an ancestor, but the next of an ancestor, created to receive the final reduced value. If the reduced value is undefined, this signifies an empty cache. When a value is yeeted, parent caches are busted recursively towards the root, until an undefined is encountered. If a fiber mounts or unmounts children, it busts its reduction as well. Fibers that yeet a value cannot also have children. This isn't a limitation because you can render a yeet beside other children, as just another mount, without changing the semantics. You can also render multiple yeets, but it's faster to just yeet a single list. If you yeet undefined, this acts as a zero-cost signal: it does not affect the reduced values, but it will cause the reducing root fiber to be re-invoked. This is a tiny concession to imperative semantics, wildly useful. This may seem very impure, but actually it's the opposite. With clean, functional data types, there is usually a "no-op" value that you could yeet: an empty array or dictionary, an empty function, and so on. You can always force-refresh a reduction without meaningfully changing the output, but it causes a lot of pointless cache invalidation in the process. Zero-cost signals are just an optimization. When reducing a fiber that has a gathering next, it takes precedence over the fiber's own reduction: this is so that you can gather and reyeet in series, with the final reduction returned. Fences and suspend The specifics of a gathering operation are hidden behind a persistent emit and gather callback, derived from a classic map and reduce: { yeeted: { // ... // Emit a value A yeeted from fiber emit: (fiber: LiveFiber, value: A) => void, // Gather a reduction B from fiber gather: (fiber: LiveFiber, self: boolean) => B, // Enclosing yeet scope scope?: FiberYeet, }, } Gathering is done by the root reduction fiber, so gather is not strictly needed here. It's only exposed so you can mount a inside an existing reduction, without knowing its specifics. A fence will grab the intermediate reduction value at that point in the tree and pass it to user-land. It can then be reyeeted. One such use is to mimic React Suspense using a special toxic SUSPEND symbol. It acts like a NaN, poisoning any reduction it's a part of. You can then fence off a sub-tree to contain the spill and substitute it with its previous value or a fallback. In practice, gather will delegate to one of gatherFiberValues, multiGatherFiberValues or mapReduceFiberValues. Each will traverse the sub-tree, reuse any existing reduced values (stopping the recursion early), and fill in any undefineds via recursion. Their code is kinda gnarly, given that it's just map-reduce, but that's because they're hand-rolled to avoid useless allocations. The self argument to gather is such an optimization, only true for the final user-visible reduction. This lets intermediate reductions be type unsafe, e.g. to avoid creating pointless 1 element arrays. At a gathering root, the enclosing yeet scope is also kept. This is to cleanly unmount an inlined gather, by restoring the parent's yeeted. Quotes and reconcilers Live has a reconciler in reconcileFiberCalls, but it can also mount as an effect via mountFiberReconciler. This is best understood by pretending this is React DOM. When you render a React tree which mixes with , React reconciles it, and extracts the HTML parts into a new tree:

Each HTML element is implicitly quoted inside React. They're only "activated" when they become real on the right. The ones on the left are only stand-ins. That's also what a Live does. It mounts a normal tree of children, but it simultaneously mounts an independent second tree, under its next mount. If you render this:

... You will get: It adds a quote environment to the fiber: { // ... quote: { // Reconciler fiber root: number, // Fiber in current sub-tree from: number, // Fiber in other sub-tree to: LiveFiber, // Enclosing reconciler scope scope?: FiberQuote, } } When you render a ..., whatever's inside ends up mounted on the to fiber. Quoted fibers will have a similar fiber.unquote environment. If they render an ..., the children are mounted back on the quoting fiber. Each time, the quoting or unquoting fiber becomes the new to fiber on the other side. The idea is that you can use this to embed one set of components inside another as a DSL, and have the run-time sort them out. This all happens in mountFiberQuote(…) and mountFiberUnquote(…). It uses reconcileFiberCall(…) (singular). This is an incremental version of reconcileFiberCalls(…) (plural) which only does one mount/unmount at a time. The fiber id of the quote or unquote is used as the key of the quoted or unquoted fiber. const Queue = ({children}) => ( reconcile( quote( gather( unquote(children), (v: any[]) => )))); The quote and unquote environments are separate so that reconcilers can be nested: at any given place, you can unquote 'up' or quote 'down'. Because you can put multiple s inside one , it can also fork. The internal non-JSX dialect is very Lisp-esque, you can rap together some pretty neat structures with this. Because quote are mounted and unmounted incrementally, there is a data fence Reconcile(…) after each (un)quote. This is where the final set is re-ordered if needed. The data structure actually violates my own rule about no-reverse links. After you , the fibers in the second tree have a link to the quoting fiber which spawned them. And the same applies in the other direction after you . The excuse is ergonomics. I could break the dependency by creating a separate sub-fiber of to serve as the unquoting point, and vice versa. But this would bloat both trees with extra fibers, just for purity's sake. It already has unavoidable extra data fences, so this matters. At a reconciling root, the enclosing quote scope is added to fiber.quote, just like in yeeted, again for clean unmounting of inlined reconcilers. Unquote-quote There is an important caveat here. There are two ways you could implement this. One way is that ... is a Very Special built-in, which does something unusual: it would traverse the children tree it was given, and go look for ...s inside. It would have to do so recursively, to partition the quoted and unquoted JSX. Then it would have to graft the quoted JSX to a previous quote, while grafting the unquoted parts to itself as mounts. This is the React DOM mechanism, obfuscated. This is also how quoting works in Lisp: it switches between evaluation mode and AST mode. I have two objections. The first is that this goes against the whole idea of evaluating one component incrementally at a time. It wouldn't be working with one set of mounts on a local fiber: it would be building up args inside one big nested JSX expression. JSX is not supposed to be a mutable data structure, you're supposed to construct it immutably from the inside out, not from the outside in. The second is that this would only work for 'balanced' ...... pairs appearing in the same JSX expression. If you render: ...then you couldn't have render a and render an and have it work. It wouldn't be composable as two separate portals. The only way for the quotes/unquotes to be revealed in such a scenario is to actually render the components. This means you have to actively run the second tree as it's being reconciled, same as the first. There is no separate update + commit like in React DOM. This might seem pointless, because all this does is thread the data flow into a zigzag between the two trees, knitting the quote/unquote points together. The render order is the same as if and weren't there. The path and depth of quoted fibers reveals this, which is needed to re-render them in the right order later. The key difference is that for all other purposes, those fibers do live in that spot. Each tree has its own stack of nested contexts. Reductions operate on the two separate trees, producing two different, independent values. This is just "hygienic macros" in disguise, I think. Use.GPU's presentation system uses a reconciler to wrap the layout system, adding slide transforms and a custom compositor. This is sandwiched in-between it and the normal renderer. A plain declarative tree of markup can be expanded into:

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Fuck It, We'll Do It Live