Python Web Scraper with Rate Limiting and Retry Logic Building reliable web scrapers means handling rate limits gracefully. The Problem Most beginners write scrapers that get IP-blocked instantly by hammering servers without delays. Production-Ready Solution import requests , time , random from typing import Optional class RateLimitedScraper : def __init__ ( self , min_delay = 1.5 , max_delay = 4.0 , max_retries = 3 ): self . min_delay = min_delay self . max_delay = max_delay self . max_retries = max_retries self . session = requests . Session () def get ( self , url : str ) -> Optional [ requests . Response ]: for attempt in range ( self . max_retries ): try : time . sleep ( random . uniform ( self . min_delay , self . max_delay )) response = self . session . get ( url , timeout = 30 ) if response . status_code == 429 : retry_after = int ( response . headers . get ( ' Retry-After ' , 60 )) time . sleep ( retry_after ) continue response . raise_for_status () return response except requests .…