I see people increasingly delegating operational decisions to LLM agents. But these agents are not deterministic. On the contrary, every decision they make is based on probabilities, and it will be wrong at some point. Think about it. The mechanism that decides whether your agent picks the right route is probabilistic (formally, a stochastic process). Right or wrong depends on the odds. Each LLM agent decides based on hidden probabilities whether it answers the question correctly, calls the right tool, escalates the right ticket, refunds the right order, asks for clarification, etc. If we can't tell, automatically and at scale, when your agent is wrong, you can't improve it, you can't trust it, and you can't ship it. So, how can we be sure this very simple agent took the right decision? Well, we can't! The answer is not binary.…