At some point, 1D arrays are not enough. What if you need to represent: A chess board A game grid A matrix That’s where multi-dimensional arrays come in. What is a 2D Array? A 2D array is simply an array of arrays. Think of it like a table: Rows Columns Declaration & Initialization // Declaration int[][] matrix = new int[3][4]; // Initialization int[][] grid = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9} }; Accessing Elements int element = grid[1][2]; // 6 First index = row Second index = column Traversing a 2D Array for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++) { System.out.print(matrix[i][j] + " "); } System.out.println(); } Time Complexity: O(n × m) Visit each row and column Jagged Arrays Unlike normal 2D arrays, rows can have different lengths.…