Io is a world of extremes. It is by far the most volcanically active world in our solar system. Being continually squeezed in the never-ending tug-of-war between Jupiter and its larger satellites will do that to a moon. As a result, Io has over 400 “paterae” - volcanic depressions that spew lava up onto its surface. And, according to a new paper available in pre-print on arXiv and utilizing data from Juno’s Jupiter InfraRed Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) tool, we have been massively underestimating the power output of those paterae for decades. Io’s paterae can also be thought of as essentially lakes of lava. These lakes can be broken down into two main components, at least from a thermal perspective. First is a “central” part of the lava lake that acts similar to the “crust” that forms over lava that has been sitting for long enough. While still thermally active - with an average temperature generally in the 220–230 K range - they are much cooler than their blistering hot counterparts.…