AI is everywhere right now. Everyone is talking about AI testing—more specifically, testing LLMs. We keep hearing that it’s a completely different world, that QA engineers need to reskill, that the main issue is non-determinism, and that testing such systems is nearly impossible. Or that classical testing methods simply don’t apply. In reality, not really. It’s just overcomplicated. Long before AI, we already had systems that behaved non-deterministically. If you’ve worked in AdTech, you know exactly what this means. Whether a banner is shown or not, and to whom—it all depended on hundreds of parameters and real-time data. The same input didn’t necessarily produce the same output. In fact, the same input produced different results. And somehow, we still tested those systems. In such systems, logic was verified at a lower level—in isolated environments, through unit and integration tests, with clearly defined boundary values.…