When you design a circuit, you don't invent the resistor. You don't redesign the transistor for your application. You don't write a new SPI protocol because the existing one offends you. You compose standardized components -- resistors with known tolerances, ICs with documented behavior, protocols with published semantics -- into something specific to the problem. The design is creative work. The substrate is standardized. That standardization is not an accident. Electronics went through an industrialization arc. Standard component values (E-series, mid-twentieth century). Standard fabrication processes (silicon refinement, decade by decade). Standard interfaces (Ethernet 1980, I2C 1982, USB 1996). Tooling that codified design rules so the designer doesn't re-derive them on every project. The result is a profession where the design work is dense with creative tradeoffs, but the substrate beneath those tradeoffs is industrially deep. Software has been mostly going the other direction.…