(a) Interannual variability in Arctic sea-ice extent maximum (1979–2026). In 2026, the annual maximum extent reached a record low of 13.76 million square kilometers on March 13 (indicated by the red circle). Sea ice extent was calculated using five-day running averages as finalized data. (b) Arctic sea-ice extent from January 1 to May 31 for 1979–2026. Credit: NIPR/JAXA In 2026, the Arctic winter sea-ice extent (annual maximum extent) reached the lowest value since satellite observations began in 1979, following the previous record low in March 2025. As part of the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability III (ArCS III), the National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) maintain a long-term dataset spanning more than 40 years. This dataset is primarily based on observations from microwave radiometers, including the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) onboard the Global Change Observation Mission—Water "SHIZUKU" (GCOM-W).…