In his majority opinion in Callais, Justice Alito deceptively cited a key statistic showing the detrimental impact of Shelby County on nonwhite voters as evidence of “social progress” that no longer necessitates congressional action. It is the turnout gap. Justice Alito cited it as the first "historical development" that motivated the Court to “update” the *Gingles* framework. >At the time of the Act’s passage, the Nation had faced nearly a century of “entrenched racial discrimination in voting, ‘an insidious and pervasive evil which had been perpetuated in certain parts of our country through unremitting and ingenious defiance of the Constitution.’” Id., at 535 (quoting Katzenbach, 383 U. S., at 309). But the Voting Rights Act led to “great strides” in the ensuing decades: “voting tests were abolished, **disparities in voter registration and turnout due to race were erased**, and African Americans attained political office in record numbers.” 570 U. S., at 549, 553.…